Friday, August 30, 2019

The Horse of the Old Man

The Horse of the Old Man


In the world of man everything is the horse of the old fortress-city man, is a Japanese saying originated in an episode, recorded on the Huainanzi, a Chinese book of essays, edited before 139 BC. People feel sorry for the old man when his horse has run away to a neighboring country over the border, but he says that it will bring happiness. The horse, some time later, comes back to him with an excellent horse. People celebrate it, but he says that it will bring unhappiness. When his son goes to ride on it, he falls down off the horse, breaking his leg. People feel sorry, but he says that it will bring his family happiness. His prophecy comes true. The war breaks out soon, but his son is not drafted into the army because of his broken leg. Most of the drafted soldiers are killed in the war. The concept of this episode might show that you can’t have the power to see through your future, as long as you have the near-sighted vision only. A Today’s Chinese form is below.


The old fortress-city man, who has lost his horse, is sure that it is good luck.



Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Utopia


Utopia

~~~ WORD DNA ~~~~~~~~~~

1516, Utopia, literally a “non-existent place,” appeared in Thomas More’s satire in Latin, whose title is De optimo reipublicae statu, deque nova insula Utopia,  On the Best State, the New Utopia.” This proper name of his imagery ideal island state was coined in the 3 classical Greek elements:

Greek οὐ “not”
Greek τόπος “place” (cognate with topic)
Greek & Latin suffix  -ia, which forms the name of a state or country, e.g. Australia, Tasmania, Austria

The sense was immediately generalized to an “ideal country or society in imagination; one’s book or work that describes a perfect place; perfect place that is imagined or believed.”

In the 18th century, the ironic or derogatory sense was formed denoting a “plan or vision impossible to realize because it is too idealistic; fantasy, illusion, dream.”

In the 19th c., “existent ideal, pleasant, or perfect place.” 

Adjective
In the 16th century, the adjective form Utopian appeared.
In negative usage "impracticable"
In neutral usage "of Utopia (created by Thomas More.)"

In positive usage "ideal, perfect"

外来語 
ユートピア

~~~~~~~~~ 言葉の遺伝子 ~~~ 

ユートピアはトマス・モアの
ラテン語の風刺本にある
想像上の理想の島国。
モアは古典ギリシャ語を基にして
この国名を造語した。
以下の三要素から成る。

u = 古典ギリシャ語で「ない」
top (os) = 「場、所」
-ia = 国名を作る接尾辞

直訳すると「どこにもない国」

十六世紀の初頭に
モアの頭の中でこしらえられた
この国名は一般名詞化して
様々な著作者が用いるようになり
「想像上の理想の国、理想郷」
の意味となった。
理想郷は著作として発表されることから、
「理想郷を描写する作品」
の意味になることもある。

十八世紀になると、
理想主義的すぎて実現不可能な
計画や目論見を指すようになり、
「幻想、幻影、夢物語」
を意味するようになった。

十九世紀になると、実在する
「快適な場所、
うってつけの場所」

などの意味ができた。

utopian

この語形は十六世紀のうちに出現した。
中立的、あるいは、ポジティブな使い方では
「ユートピアの、ユートピア人」
ネガティブな使い方では、
「空想的な、実現不可能な」

十九世紀の作家シューロット・ブロンテは
『シャーリー』で utopian を使っている。
 結婚! 耐えがたい言葉。
 あまりにばかげていて空想的だ。

1849 Charlotte Bronte: Shirley

Marriage! I cannot bear the word:
It sounds so silly and utopian



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